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Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna

Reihe Ökonomie / Economics Series No. 64

Inefficiency and Social Exclusion in a Coalition Formation Game

Experimental Evidence

Akira Okada, Arno Riedl

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Inefficiency and Social Exclusion in a Coalition Formation Game

Experimental Evidence

Akira Okada, Arno Riedl

Reihe Ökonomie / Economics Series No. 64

April 1999

Akira Okada

Institute of Economic Research Kyoto University

Sakyo, Kyoto 606-(85)01, JAPAN

Arno Riedl CREED

Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam

Roetersstraat 11, NL-1018 WB Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS

Phone: ++31/20/525-4250 Fax: ++31/20/525-5283 E-mail: [email protected]

Institut für Höhere Studien (IHS), Wien

Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna

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The Institute for Advanced Studies in Vienna is an independent center of postgraduate training and research in the social sciences. The Economics Series presents research done at the Economics Department of the Institute for Advanced Studies. Department members, guests, visitors, and other researchers are invited to contribute and to submit manuscripts to the editors. All papers are subjected to an internal refereeing process.

Editorial Main Editor:

Robert M. Kunst (Econometrics) Associate Editors:

Walter Fisher (Macroeconomics)

Klaus Ritzberger (Microeconomics)

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Abstract

This paper reports the results of experiments involving a 3-person coalition formation game with an ultimatum bargaining character. The grand coalition was always the efficient coalition decision, whereas the values of the 2-person coalitions are varied such that they lead to an efficiency loss in the range of 6.7 up to 30 percent. Furthermore, the 2-person coalition implies social exclusion, since the not chosen member always receives a payoff of zero. Consistent with results reported in the literature on 2-person ultimatum bargaining experiments, negative reciprocity (i.e. punishment of unfair offers) plays a crucial role in decision making. The hypothesis that selfishness and anticipated negative reciprocity by proposers together with actual negative reciprocal behavior of responders lead to inefficient outcomes and social exclusion is strongly supported by the data. It turns out that a huge majority of proposers choose the inefficient and unfair 2-person coalition. Proposer-induced efficiency losses vary between 5 and 20 percent, and one sixth to almost one third of the population is excluded from participation.

Keywords

Coalition formation, inefficiency, reciprocity, social exclusion

JEL Classifications

A13, C91, D61, D63

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Comments

This paper is part of a research project on strategic bargaining and coalition formation financed by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Project number: 6933). It was also partially financed by CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology) of Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Asahi Glass Foundation, and the Oesterreichische Postsparkasse. We also thank the participants of the ESA 1998 meeting in Mannheim for their comments. A major part of the research was undertaken while the second author was at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna.

The second author also thanks Jana Vyrastekova for invaluable research assistance.

Instructions and data set are available upon request.

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